In 2017 the “Godfather of Deep Learning” Geoffrey Hinton and his students Sara Sabour and Nicholas Frosst proposed the discrimininatively trained, multi-layer capsule system “CapsNet” in their paper Dynamic Routing Between Capsules.
Researchers from Technische Universität Wien, Austria, and Politecnico di Torino, Italy, explored adversarial attacks on Capsule Networks, proposing an algorithm which automatically generates targeted adversarial examples in black-box attack scenarios.